Mexico

A representative, democratic, secular, and federal republic, composed of free and sovereign states in all matters concerning their internal government, and by Mexico City, united in a federation established according to the principles of the Constitution (Article 40 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States).

The states adopt, for their internal regime, a republican, representative, democratic, secular, and popular form of government, based on the free municipality as the basis for their territorial division and political and administrative organization. Thus, the country is composed of 32 federal entities and 2,446 municipalities.

The legislative power of the United Mexican States is vested in a bicameral Congress, composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The lower house is made up of 500 deputies, 300 elected by relative majority in the country's 300 electoral districts (single-member districts) and 200 elected by proportional representation (multi-member districts). The Senate is made up of 128 senators.

Each municipality is governed by a directly elected city council, composed of a municipal president and the number of councilors and auditors determined by law, in accordance with the principle of parity. The powers granted to the municipal government by the Constitution shall be exercised exclusively by the city council, and there shall be no intermediate authority between it and the State government.

The term of office for the President is six years. The term of office for the Chamber of Deputies is three years and for Senators, six years. Municipal government is renewed every three years, but each state has its own electoral calendar.

President by relative majority. In the case of Congress, out of the total number of deputies, 300 are elected according to the principle of relative majority voting and 200 are elected according to the principle of pure proportional representation, based on the natural quotient and largest remainder. With regard to the Senate, in each state and in Mexico City, two members will be elected according to the principle of relative majority voting and one will be assigned to the first minority. The remaining 32 senators will be elected according to the principle of proportional representation, using a system of lists drawn up in accordance with the principle of parity, with women and men alternating as list leaders in each electoral period. With regard to municipal governments, local legislation will define, in accordance with the Constitution, the frequency of each election, the deadlines for calling special elections in the event of the annulment of an election, and the mechanisms for filling vacancies that arise in the local legislature.

Closed party lists.

Out of the total number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, 300 are elected through a single-member constituency system and 200 through a regional list system voted on in multi-member constituencies. In the Senate, two seats will be elected according to the principle of relative majority voting and one will be assigned to the first minority. The remaining 32 senators will be elected in a single national multi-member constituency.

Yes, it has been included in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States since 2014. Article 41 establishes that political parties must nominate candidates for the Federal and local Congresses on a parity basis. Similarly, the General Law on Electoral Institutions and Procedures establishes that citizens have the right to vote under conditions of parity for all elected positions and that proportional representation lists shall be composed of candidate pairs, each consisting of a principal candidate and an alternate of the same gender, and that formulas of different genders shall alternate to guarantee the principle of parity until each list is exhausted. In addition, in 2019, a constitutional reform known as the “Parity in Everything Law” was implemented, which establishes that women shall occupy 50% of the candidacies and positions in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the federal, state, and municipal levels.

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. There are also state constitutions and local laws that regulate the structure of government and administration, the functioning of municipal political power, the powers of its bodies, and municipal finances, and, finally, specific municipal regulations.

The National Electoral Institute is the authority on electoral matters, independent in its decisions and operations, and professional in its performance. It is an autonomous public body with its own legal personality and assets, whose membership includes the Legislative Branch of the Union, national political parties, and citizens, in accordance with the terms established by law. The Institute has the budgetary, technical, human, and material resources it needs to directly exercise its powers and functions.